回复CSX医师
我不知道怎样才算权威。狂犬病的发病机理,正好是WHO制定10天观察期的理论基础,并且也是各国处理狂犬病暴露后治疗的国际惯例。如果健康犬也带毒或者犬处于潜伏期,也可传染的话,那么WHO的暴露后准则,在这几十年中,至少也要害死几万人了。
美国疾控中心的网页,对狂犬病的发病原理,介绍得特别详细。虽然他们是狂犬病低发区,但是狂犬病的发病机理不会因此而改变,死亡率不会因此而改变。对于高发区的泰国,科学家们也是同样的回答和进行暴露后处理。同样,在泰国,也没有一个人,被隔离期内安全的动物感染狂犬病。(如有疑问,请致信:tepsumethanonv@yahoo.com tepsumethanon veera 兽学博士)
下文摘自美国CDC狂犬病热答:
No person in the United States has ever contracted rabies from a dog, cat or ferret held in quarantine for 10 days.
在美国,没有人被通过10天观察期的狗,猫或者雪貂感染狂犬病的例子(雪貂是美国的科学家,为了本国的国民,特别作的调查研究,因此,WHO中没有此类动物)
If a dog, cat, or ferret appeared ill at the time it bit you or becomes ill during the 10 day quarantine, it should be evaluated by a veterinarian for signs of rabies and you should seek medical advice about the need for anti-rabies prophylaxis.
如果狗猫或者雪貂,在咬你的时候,显示出发病的症状,并且在10天内发病,那它应该被兽医检查,是否有狂犬病的迹象。你也应该寻求暴露后治疗。
The quarantine period is a precaution against the remote possibility that an animal may appear healthy, but actually be sick with rabies. To understand this statement, you have to understand a few things about the pathogenesis of rabies (the way the rabies virus affects the animal it infects). From numerous studies conducted on rabid dogs, cats, and ferrets, we know that rabies virus inoculated into a muscle travels from the site of the inoculation to the brain by moving within nerves. The animal does not appear ill during this time, which is called the incubation period and which may last for weeks to months. A bite by the animal during the incubation period does not carry a risk of rabies because the virus is not in saliva. Only late in the disease, after the virus has reached the brain and multiplied there to cause an encephalitis (or inflammation of the brain), does the virus move from the brain to the salivary glands and saliva. Also at this time, after the virus has multiplied in the brain, almost all animals begin to show the first signs of rabies. Most of these signs are obvious to even an untrained observer, but within a short period of time, usually within 3 to 5 days, the virus has caused enough damage to the brain that the animal begins to show unmistakable signs of rabies. As an added precaution, the quarantine period is lengthened to 10 days.
隔离期的目的是为了防止,有很小的可能,动物貌似健康,实际上已经处于发病状态。为了懂得这个道理,你应该对狂犬病的发病机理有所了解(狂犬病毒影响它感染动物的机理)。通过对狗,猫,雪貂进行了详实的研究,我们知道,狂犬病毒入侵机体,从入侵地方通过神经系统向大脑移动,动物在这段时间,没有发病症状,也被叫做潜伏期,时间从几周到几个月不等。 在潜伏期,被动物咬伤,并没有患狂犬病的危险,因为病毒在唾液中还未出现。仅仅到了最后,等到病毒进入了大脑,快速繁殖并引起脑炎,这时候,病毒才会进入唾液腺和唾液中。同时,当病毒在脑部增殖时,几乎所有的动物都会表现出前期症状,由于大部分的症状是如此明显。既使一个从未训练过的人,都很容易看出。在很短的时间,通常是3到5天,病毒会对大脑引起足够的破坏,这时,动物会表现出非常明显的症状。为了增加保险期,隔离期被延长到10天。(根据泰国博士的实践,动物在10天内死亡率100%)
原文链接:(http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/qanda/general.html#p3)
所以说,我国古代所讲“凡疯犬咬人,过百日而不发,无大碍”,并非没有道理的,他们并没有对健康犬咬人也大惊小怪(也证明了在发病初期,咬人的狗,是比较罕见的,所以,古人认为,需要防范的,主要是发病期的犬,也就是狂犬)。如果说,我国古代对什么犬咬人,可使人致死,概括的还有不全面的地方,那就是处于初期发病的狗猫。美国的这篇文章,介绍得比较详细。而WHO的10天观察,正是为了排除有出于初期发病的狗猫的可能,而作的一个时间延迟。因为狗猫从发病,到死亡,不会超过10天。
古人尚不欺我,信哉! |